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Currency carry trade refers to the act of borrowing one currency that has a low interest rate in order to purchase another with a higher interest rate. A large difference in rates can be highly profitable for the trader, especially if high leverage is used. However, with all levered investments this is a double edged sword, and large exchange rate fluctuations can suddenly swing trades into huge losses.
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Bank of Canada historical (10-year) currenc

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Microstructure effects, bid-ask spreads and volatility in the spot foreign exchange market pre and post-EMU
OECD Exchange rate statistics (monthly averages)
National Futures Association (20

r and data downlo
Microstructure effects, bid-ask spreads and volatility in the spot foreign exchange market pre and post-EMU
OECD Exchange rate statistics (monthly averages)
National Futures Association (20ad

The following theories explain the fluctuations in exchange rates in a floating exchange rate regime (In a fixed exchange rate regime, rates are decided by its government):
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Future[edit]
Main article: Currency future
Main article: Carry tradey con

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CHF (Fr)airs. Each currency pair thus constitutes an individual trading product and is traditionally noted XXXYYY or XXX/YYY, where XXX and YYY are the ISO 4217 international three-letter code of the currencies involved. The first currency (XXX) is the base currency that is quoted relative to the second currency (YYY), called the counter currency (or quote currency). For instance, the quotation EURUSD (EUR/USD) 1.5465 is the price of the Euro expressed in US dollars, meaning 1 euro = 1.5465 dollars. The market convention is to quote most exchange rates against the USD with the US dollar as the base currency (e.g. USDJPY, USDCAD, USDCHF). The exceptions are the British pound (GBP), Australian dollar (AUD), the New Zealand dollar (NZD) and the euro (EUR) where the USD is the counter currency (e.g. GBPUSD, AUDUSD, NZDUSD, EURUSD).
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The year 1880 is considered by at least one source to be the beginning of modern foreign exchange, significant for the fact of the beginning of the gold standard during the year.[22]

Prior to the first world war there was a much more limited control of international trade. Motivated by the outset of war countries abandoned the gold standard monetary system.[23]

Modern to post-modern[edit]
From 1899 to 1

Early modern[edit]re known to be the leaders of the foreign exchange market; while Japheth, Montagu & Co., and Seligman still warrant recognition as significant FX traders.[29]

After WWII[edit]
After WWII, the Bretton Woods Accord was signed allowing currencies to fluctuate within a range of 1% to the currencies par.[30] In Japan the law was changed during 1954 by the Foreign Exchange Bank Law, so, the Bank of Tokyo was to become, because of this, the centre of foreign exchange by September of that year. Between 1954 and 1959 Japanese law was made to allow the inclusion of many more Occidental currencies in Japanese forex.[31]

U.S. President Richard Nixon is credited with ending the Bretton Woods Accord and fixed rates of exchange, eventually bringing about a free-floating currency system. After the ceasing of the enactment of the "Bretton Woods Accord" during 1971,[32] the Smithsonian Agreement allowed trading to range to 2%. During 1961–62, the amount of foreign operations by the U.S. Federal Reserve was relatively low.[33][34] Those involved in controlling exchange rates found the boundaries of the Agreement were not realistic and so ceased this in March 1973, when sometime afterward none of the major currencies were maintained with a capacity for conversion to gold, organisations relied instead on reserves of currency.[35][36] During 1970 to 1973 the amount of trades occurring in the market increased three-fold.[37][38][39] At some time (according to Gandolfo during February–March 1973) some of the markets' were "split", so a two tier currency market was subsequently introduced, with dual currency rates. This was abolished during March 1974.[40][41][42]

Reuters introduced during June 197

On 1 January 1981 (as part of changes beginning during 1978 [53]) the Bank of China allowed certain domestic "enterprises" to participate in foreign exchange trading.[54] Sometime during the months of 1981 the South Korean government ended forex controls and allowed free trade to occur for the first time. During 1988 the countries government accepted the IMF quota for international trade.[55]

Intervention by European banks especially the Bundesbank influenced the forex market, on February the 27th 1985 particularly.[56] The greatest proportion of all trades world-wide during 1987 were within the United Kingdom, slightly over one quarter, with the U.S. of America the nation with the second most places involved in trading.[57]

During 1991 the republic of Iran changed international agreements with some countries from oil-barter to foreign exchange.[58]

rucial element of trade during the ancient world so that people could buy and sell items like food, pottery and raw materials.[10] If a Greek coin held more gold than an Egyptian coin due to its size or content, then a merchant could barter fewer Greek gold coins for more Egyptian ones, or for more material goods. This is why the vast majority of world currencies are derivatives of a universally recognized standard like silver and gold.

Medieval and later[edit]
During the fifteenth century the Medici family were required to open banks at foreign locations in order to exchange currencies to act on behalf of textile merchants.[11][12] To facilitate trade the bank created the nostro (from Italian translated – "ours") account book which contained two columned entries showing amounts of foreign and local currencies, information pertaining to the keeping of an account with a foreign bank.[13][14][15][16] During the 17th (or 18th ) century Amsterdam maintained an active forex market.[17] During 1704 foreign exchange took place between agents acting in the interests of the nations of England and Holland.[18]
3 computer monitors, replacing the telephones and telex used previously for trading quotes.[43]

Markets close[edit]
Due to the ultimate ineffectiveness of the

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The year 1880 is considered by at least one source to be the beginning of modern foreign exchange, significant for the fact of the beginning of the gold standard during the year.[22]

Prior to the first world war there was a much more limited control of international trade. Motivated by the outset of war countries abandoned the gold standard monetary system.[23]

Modern to post-modern[edit]
From 1899 to 1