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and consume meal, Brazil and Argentina are the largest exporters of it, providing two thirds of world exports, and the share of Argentina is 40%. However

However, a large amount of soybeans grown in Argentina are GMO. The main buyers of soybean meal are the countries of Europe and South East Asia

Sunflower meal. Main producers - Ukraine, EU, Russia and Argentina. Annual world production of sunflower seed meal is more than 16 million tons, of which more than 80% accounted for by the above-mentioned countries.

Rapeseed meal. Rapeseed meal in the greatest quantity is produced by EU and China. The annual world production of rapeseed meal - almost 40 million tons, of which EU produced almost

13 million tonnes, China - 11 million tonnes. The largest exporters - Canada and India. Canada is among the five largest producers and its share in world exports of rapeseed meal is more

than 50%. The main consumers of this type of meal - China, Germany, India (the country also has the ability to cover its needs its own production), as well as the United States and the European Union.

Sunflower seeds from oil types contain about 20-30% hulls that are often removed before oil extraction due to their deleterious effects on oil presses and because they hinder lower oil

extraction and reduce the quality of both oil and meal. Reducing the hull content by 1% improves pressing capacity by 2.5%. A well-managed dehulling process yields kernels with 18-22% hulls

remaining. Dehulling is done after cleaning the seeds and drying them down to 5% moisture, which facilitates kernel-hull separation. The usual process consists in cracking the seeds by the

mechanical action of centrifugal or pneumatic shellers. It can also be done by abrasion. The resulting blend is winnowed to separate the hulls from the kernels. Certain sunflower varieties have

thinner hulls that are more difficult to remove. In this case, dehulling is not recommended as it may result in oil loss, and increases extraction costs without enhancing oil and sunflower meal quality.

SUOnce winnowed, the kernels undergo mechanical pressing through screw-presses (expellers), resulting in a "cake" containing 15–20% of oil. This cake can subsequently be extracted with a

solvent (usually hexane) to yield more oil. While pressing followed by solvent extraction is the most common industrial process, mechanical extraction is used by producers of specialty oils an

smallholder farmers in both developed and developing countries (for instance in Zimbabwe. In the European Union, regulations forbid the use of solvents for the production of feed ingredients used in organic farming, so only mechanically-extracted sunflower meals can be used for organic animal production.

Fresh sunflower meal must be dried for optimal storage. It can be ground, broken into small pieces or pelletized for easier handling and storage by adding a suitable binder such as molasses or fats under high pressure in an pelletizer or extruder