Politics in trading
Assalam o alaikum dosto
Kaise Han ap sb umeed hai k ap sb khariyat se
Hon ge aj min ap logon ko btana chahati hon k politics in trading kya
Hai
The politics of international trade
bain al aqwami tijarat aur tijarat ko azad ya mehdood karne ki reyasti koshishen bohat mutanazia siyasat ko janam deti hain. tijarat infiradi satah par, firm ki satah par, sanat ki satah par, qaumi satah par, aur yahan tak ke ilaqai satah par faateh aur harnay walon ko peda karti hai. yeh bain al aqwami samaji garohoon, jaisay maholiyati waqalat karne wali tanzeemon, insani haqooq ki tanzeemon, aur bain al aqwami tijarti athadon ke darmiyan tanaza bhi peda karta hai. bain al aqwami tijarat ki siyasat ki is paicheedgi ki wajah se, bain al aqwami siyasi maeeshat ( ipe ) ke askalrz tajzia ki mukhtalif sthon aur siyasi faisla saazi ke amal ke mukhtalif marahil par tawajah markooz kar satke hain. askalrz is baat par mutfiq hain ke nah sirf samaji tarjeehat balkay ijtimai karwai ke masail, mulki idaray aur bain al aqwami awamil sabhi tijarti siyasat aur policy ke nataij ko mutasir karte hain. tijarti siyasat ke yeh pehlu mil kar tijarti policy par kaleedi asraat muratab karte hain aur chahay yeh liberal ho ya tahaffuz pasand. tijarti policy saazi ke amal mein samaji tarjeehat ibtidayi ko tashkeel deti hain. yeh samjhna ke kis terhan muashray mein muashi adakaron ke mukhtalif giroh tijarti lbrlayzishn ya tahaffuz se jeet ya hartay hain tijarti siyasat aur tijarti policy ke nataij ko samajhney ki taraf pehla qadam hai. aik baar jab samaji tijarti tarjeehat ban jati hain, to inhen marboot dabao walay groupon ya nichli satah par chalne wali thrikon mein jama hona chahiye jin ka maqsad tijarti policy ko mutasir karna hai. adakaron ke kuch garohoon ke liye doosron ke muqablay mein yeh haasil karna aasaan hai. policy par hakoomati adakaron se labng karte hue, mafaad parast garohoon ko maloom hota hai ke gharelo idaray samaji maloomat ko policy ke nataij mein tarjuma karne mein ahem kirdaar ada karte hain. policy saaz idaray is had tak mukhtalif hotay hain jis mein woh wasee tar samaji athadon ki tarjeehat ke muqablay mein khusoosi mafadaat ki labng ke liye hassas hotay hain, aur intikhabi usool aur party dhancha bhi policy ke nataij ko mutasir karte hain, kuch ziyada tahaffuz pasandi ya lbrlayzishn ki taraf taasub peda karti hain. tijarti policy par un gharelo satah ke asraat ke ilawa, ipe askalrz ne wasee pemanay par un tareeqon ka mutalea kya hai jin se bain al aqwami awamil tijarti policy ke nataij ko bhi mutasir karte hain jaisay ke lbrlayzishn ki had aur jo kuch azad kya gaya hai is ka mawaad ( maslan, zarayi samaan ki tayari ba muqabla khidmaat ). . bain al aqwami awamil jaisay ke taaqat ki taqseem, bain al aqwami idaron ka kirdaar aur tijarti muahidon ( maslan kaseer jehti ba muqabla do Tarfah ), bain al aqwami soul society aur phelao ke amal ko bhi policy saazi ke amal mein un pitt ke tor par samjha ja sakta hai. Nizami halaat un policion ki aqsam ko mehdood kar satke hain jinhein hakoomaten ikhtiyar kar sakti hain, ya woh mumkina policy nataij ki aik had ke liye darwazay khol sakti hain jo ke gharelo samaji adakaron ki tarjeehat ke bawajood mehdood hain .
Treade of preferences
tijarti policy ki wazahat karne walay ibtidayi models mein se kuch ne" dabao group ki siyasat" par tawajah markooz ki hai. yani, woh gharelo garohoon ke mutalibaat ki aik taqreeb ke tor par hukoomaton ki taraf se tahaffuz ka sahara bayan karte hain. gharelo giroh tahaffuz ya lbrlayzishn ke khwahan hain kyunkay aisi policion se un ki aamdani mein izafah hota hai. tijarti policy ke nataij is terhan is ke asbaab ki wazahat ban jatay hain. aydm asmth ( 1937 [ 1776 ] ) is baat ko tasleem karne walay pehlay logon mein se aik ho sakta hai jab is ne note kya ke azad tijarat mein qaumi mafaad ki pamali taajiron ke darmiyan mili bhagat ka mutawatar nateeja hai. schattschneider ( 1935 ) is nazriye ka aik aur ibtidayi haami tha ke khusoosi iqtisadi mafadaat bunyadi tor par tahaffuz pasandi ke intikhab ke liye zimma daar thay. is ne dekhaya ke kis terhan un pressure groups ne 1929-1930 mein Amrici congress ko high jack kya aur Amrici tareekh mein sab se ziyada tirf, smoot-hawley tirf peda kya. tab se, pressure group model ki taraqqi ne khaas tor par un groupon ko bayan karne ki koshish ki hai jinhein tahaffuz ki himayat aur mukhalfat karni chahiye aur un halaat mein jin ke tehat woh sab se ziyada assar andaaz ho satke hain. is ka aik maqsad yeh mushahida raha hai ke tahaffuz ki had aur is ke mutalibaat san-aton aur tamam mumalik mein mukhtalif hotay hain. agar tamam gharelo giroh tahaffuz ke haq mein hain, to is terhan ka farq nahi hona chahiye. is tagayur ki wazahat adab ki aik ahem khasusiyat rahi hai. bunyadi taqseem naam Nihaad ba muqabla ya tarjeehat ke firm par mabni nazriaat ke darmiyan rahi hai. dono sooraton mein, tarjeehat ka takhmeenah aamdani mein honay wali tabdeelion ke nateejay mein lagaya jata hai jo mukhtalif adakaron ko haasil hoti hai jab policy azad tijarat se tahaffuz ya is ke bar aks tabdeel hoti hai. theories par inhisaar karte hain, jo zahir karta hai ke jab pedawar ke awamil, jaisay mehnat aur sarmaya, shobo ke darmiyan azadana tor par muntaqil ho satke hain, to azad tijarat se tahaffuz mein tabdeeli un awamil ki aamdani mein izafah kere gi jo nisbatan kam hain. aik malik mein aur nisbatan awamil ki aamdani ko kam karna. is terhan, qaleel awamil tahaffuz ki himayat karen ge, jab ke is ki mukhalfat karen ge. ne is ki sab se dilchasp siyasi tosee mein se aik tayyar kya hai, j
is mein daawa kya gaya hai ke tijarat mein barhti hui ( kami ) numayesh ya to barhti hui tbqati kashmakash ya tanazeaat ko mukhtalif mumalik ke factor ke mutabiq rokti hai .
Assalam o alaikum dosto
Kaise Han ap sb umeed hai k ap sb khariyat se
Hon ge aj min ap logon ko btana chahati hon k politics in trading kya
Hai
The politics of international trade
bain al aqwami tijarat aur tijarat ko azad ya mehdood karne ki reyasti koshishen bohat mutanazia siyasat ko janam deti hain. tijarat infiradi satah par, firm ki satah par, sanat ki satah par, qaumi satah par, aur yahan tak ke ilaqai satah par faateh aur harnay walon ko peda karti hai. yeh bain al aqwami samaji garohoon, jaisay maholiyati waqalat karne wali tanzeemon, insani haqooq ki tanzeemon, aur bain al aqwami tijarti athadon ke darmiyan tanaza bhi peda karta hai. bain al aqwami tijarat ki siyasat ki is paicheedgi ki wajah se, bain al aqwami siyasi maeeshat ( ipe ) ke askalrz tajzia ki mukhtalif sthon aur siyasi faisla saazi ke amal ke mukhtalif marahil par tawajah markooz kar satke hain. askalrz is baat par mutfiq hain ke nah sirf samaji tarjeehat balkay ijtimai karwai ke masail, mulki idaray aur bain al aqwami awamil sabhi tijarti siyasat aur policy ke nataij ko mutasir karte hain. tijarti siyasat ke yeh pehlu mil kar tijarti policy par kaleedi asraat muratab karte hain aur chahay yeh liberal ho ya tahaffuz pasand. tijarti policy saazi ke amal mein samaji tarjeehat ibtidayi ko tashkeel deti hain. yeh samjhna ke kis terhan muashray mein muashi adakaron ke mukhtalif giroh tijarti lbrlayzishn ya tahaffuz se jeet ya hartay hain tijarti siyasat aur tijarti policy ke nataij ko samajhney ki taraf pehla qadam hai. aik baar jab samaji tijarti tarjeehat ban jati hain, to inhen marboot dabao walay groupon ya nichli satah par chalne wali thrikon mein jama hona chahiye jin ka maqsad tijarti policy ko mutasir karna hai. adakaron ke kuch garohoon ke liye doosron ke muqablay mein yeh haasil karna aasaan hai. policy par hakoomati adakaron se labng karte hue, mafaad parast garohoon ko maloom hota hai ke gharelo idaray samaji maloomat ko policy ke nataij mein tarjuma karne mein ahem kirdaar ada karte hain. policy saaz idaray is had tak mukhtalif hotay hain jis mein woh wasee tar samaji athadon ki tarjeehat ke muqablay mein khusoosi mafadaat ki labng ke liye hassas hotay hain, aur intikhabi usool aur party dhancha bhi policy ke nataij ko mutasir karte hain, kuch ziyada tahaffuz pasandi ya lbrlayzishn ki taraf taasub peda karti hain. tijarti policy par un gharelo satah ke asraat ke ilawa, ipe askalrz ne wasee pemanay par un tareeqon ka mutalea kya hai jin se bain al aqwami awamil tijarti policy ke nataij ko bhi mutasir karte hain jaisay ke lbrlayzishn ki had aur jo kuch azad kya gaya hai is ka mawaad ( maslan, zarayi samaan ki tayari ba muqabla khidmaat ). . bain al aqwami awamil jaisay ke taaqat ki taqseem, bain al aqwami idaron ka kirdaar aur tijarti muahidon ( maslan kaseer jehti ba muqabla do Tarfah ), bain al aqwami soul society aur phelao ke amal ko bhi policy saazi ke amal mein un pitt ke tor par samjha ja sakta hai. Nizami halaat un policion ki aqsam ko mehdood kar satke hain jinhein hakoomaten ikhtiyar kar sakti hain, ya woh mumkina policy nataij ki aik had ke liye darwazay khol sakti hain jo ke gharelo samaji adakaron ki tarjeehat ke bawajood mehdood hain .
Treade of preferences
tijarti policy ki wazahat karne walay ibtidayi models mein se kuch ne" dabao group ki siyasat" par tawajah markooz ki hai. yani, woh gharelo garohoon ke mutalibaat ki aik taqreeb ke tor par hukoomaton ki taraf se tahaffuz ka sahara bayan karte hain. gharelo giroh tahaffuz ya lbrlayzishn ke khwahan hain kyunkay aisi policion se un ki aamdani mein izafah hota hai. tijarti policy ke nataij is terhan is ke asbaab ki wazahat ban jatay hain. aydm asmth ( 1937 [ 1776 ] ) is baat ko tasleem karne walay pehlay logon mein se aik ho sakta hai jab is ne note kya ke azad tijarat mein qaumi mafaad ki pamali taajiron ke darmiyan mili bhagat ka mutawatar nateeja hai. schattschneider ( 1935 ) is nazriye ka aik aur ibtidayi haami tha ke khusoosi iqtisadi mafadaat bunyadi tor par tahaffuz pasandi ke intikhab ke liye zimma daar thay. is ne dekhaya ke kis terhan un pressure groups ne 1929-1930 mein Amrici congress ko high jack kya aur Amrici tareekh mein sab se ziyada tirf, smoot-hawley tirf peda kya. tab se, pressure group model ki taraqqi ne khaas tor par un groupon ko bayan karne ki koshish ki hai jinhein tahaffuz ki himayat aur mukhalfat karni chahiye aur un halaat mein jin ke tehat woh sab se ziyada assar andaaz ho satke hain. is ka aik maqsad yeh mushahida raha hai ke tahaffuz ki had aur is ke mutalibaat san-aton aur tamam mumalik mein mukhtalif hotay hain. agar tamam gharelo giroh tahaffuz ke haq mein hain, to is terhan ka farq nahi hona chahiye. is tagayur ki wazahat adab ki aik ahem khasusiyat rahi hai. bunyadi taqseem naam Nihaad ba muqabla ya tarjeehat ke firm par mabni nazriaat ke darmiyan rahi hai. dono sooraton mein, tarjeehat ka takhmeenah aamdani mein honay wali tabdeelion ke nateejay mein lagaya jata hai jo mukhtalif adakaron ko haasil hoti hai jab policy azad tijarat se tahaffuz ya is ke bar aks tabdeel hoti hai. theories par inhisaar karte hain, jo zahir karta hai ke jab pedawar ke awamil, jaisay mehnat aur sarmaya, shobo ke darmiyan azadana tor par muntaqil ho satke hain, to azad tijarat se tahaffuz mein tabdeeli un awamil ki aamdani mein izafah kere gi jo nisbatan kam hain. aik malik mein aur nisbatan awamil ki aamdani ko kam karna. is terhan, qaleel awamil tahaffuz ki himayat karen ge, jab ke is ki mukhalfat karen ge. ne is ki sab se dilchasp siyasi tosee mein se aik tayyar kya hai, j
is mein daawa kya gaya hai ke tijarat mein barhti hui ( kami ) numayesh ya to barhti hui tbqati kashmakash ya tanazeaat ko mukhtalif mumalik ke factor ke mutabiq rokti hai .